Formation of the Sangha

How the early community of monks, nuns, and lay supporters took shape, according to Vinaya and sutta evidence.

This page separates early textual evidence, modern scholarly discussion, and later readings. Historical study sits beside practice; it does not replace it.

The full article is available in Traditional Chinese.

A present-day monk walking the hills around Vulture Peak at Rajgir
A monk near Vulture Peak, Rajgir (present day)

Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.5