Jhana in Sutta and Abhidharma

Meditation formulas in the early discourses set beside later Abhidharma accounts of jhana.

This page separates early textual evidence, modern scholarly discussion, and later readings. Historical study sits beside practice; it does not replace it.

The full article is available in Traditional Chinese.

Stone figure of Shakyamuni seated in austerity, with the ribs clearly carved
Fasting Shakyamuni

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